HOSPITAL

In hemorrhages there are two groups of symptoms:

         a) local, external symptoms, help to identify the type of hemorrhage, arterial, venous or capillary

         b) General symptoms, characterized by the state of acute anemia and the body's defense reaction. These represent the only recognition criteria in the case of the majority of internal hemorrhages and are represented by: pronounced pallor, dizziness, shivering, lipothymia, cold extremities, accelerated but small pulse, low blood pressure, hypothermia, oliguria, convulsions.

Hemostasis can be: physiological, natural and artificial: spontaneous, provisional or definitive.

·       Physiological hemostasis is natural, carried out by the organism, through two times: the vascular-platelet time\primary hemostasis (platelets and nervous and humoral mechanisms intervene) and the plasmatic time\blood coagulation (plasma factors intervene, mostly synthesized by the liver). In the coagulation process, calcium ions and vitamin K are of particular importance.

·       Spontaneous hemostasis, with particular importance in hemorrhages of cavity organs. An ice pack or cold compresses will be applied to the affected region, with the aim of favoring vasoconstriction.

·       Provisional hemostasis is performed in external bleeding, which does not stop spontaneously, has a limited duration and must be followed shortly by definitive hemostasis. Provisional hemostasis is achieved by pressing the damaged artery or vein on an underlying bone surface. Pressure can be applied to the wound by tamponade, compressive dressings or, if necessary, with the fist or fingers.